Their sister Mary of Guise had married James V of Scotland in 1538 and was the mother of Mary, Queen of Scots. WebClarissa Delacroix was born in 1539, the illegitimate daughter of Queen Catherine de Medici of France and King Henry II of France's boyhood friend Richard Delacroix. Henry allowed Catherine almost no political influence as queen. Nevertheless, the Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, signed on 8 August 1570 because the royal army ran out of cash, conceded wider toleration to the Huguenots than ever before. She reappeared after a few hours and declared that she would offer her other daughter Margaret in marriage to King Philip. [53] Guise, who called the massacre "a regrettable accident", was cheered as a hero in the streets of Paris while the Huguenots called for revenge. Inquisition was where he made his one and only cameo. [21] King Francis lamented, "The girl has come to me stark naked."[22]. During the period 156468, Catherine was unable, for complex reasons, to withstand the cardinal Lorraine, statesman of the Guises, who largely provoked the second and third civil wars. [78], The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, which began two days later, has stained Catherine's reputation ever since. Hoogvliet, 111. Catherine de Medici was born in Florence, Italy, on April 13, 1519. She gave birth to ten children, of whom four sons and three daughters survived to marriageable age. Victoire and Jeanne were twin daughters born in 1556; Jeanne was stillborn due to surgeons breaking her legs to save her mother's life;[a] Victoire survived, dying less than two months later. "If Monsieur de Guise had perished sooner", she told the Venetian ambassador, "peace would have been achieved more quickly". Monsieur de Guise is dead. She herself supervised their education. "The Louvre: Royal Residence and Temple of the Arts". Huguenot writers branded Catherine a scheming Italian, who had acted on Machiavelli's principles to kill all enemies in one blow. Princess Margaret of Valois, also known as Margot,is the daughter of Catherine de Medici and Henry II. [19] Clement visited the newlyweds in bed the next morning and added his blessings to the night's proceedings. Over the years, the two Queens were to maintain an energetic correspondence. Within a month Louis de Bourbon, Prince of Cond, and Admiral Gaspard de Coligny had raised an army of 1,800. His dying words were "oh, my mother" The day before he died, he named Catherine regent, since his brother and heir, Henry the Duke of Anjou, was in the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth, where he had been elected king the year before. When Catherine found this out, she had her daughter brought from her bed. Franois Clouet drew and painted portraits of all Catherine's family and of many members of the court. Because their birth very nearly cost Catherine her life, the king's physician advised the king that there should be no more children; therefore, Henry II stopped visiting his wife's bedroom and spent all his time with his longtime mistress, Diane de Poitiers. [5] Catherine has been called "the most important woman in Europe in the 16th century.[6]. [75] A smoking arquebus was discovered in a window, but the culprit had made his escape from the rear of the building on a waiting horse. [4] Some time later, she gave birth to Francis . Clarice de' Medici Catherine pressed Jeanne d'Albret to attend court. He called her not only the mother of the king but the mother of the state. On 27 September 1567, in a swoop known as the Surprise of Meaux, Huguenot forces attempted to ambush the king, triggering renewed civil war. [96] The death of the heir to the throne in 1584 prompted the Duke of Guise to assume the leadership of the Catholic League. 500: Catherine de Medici The Mother of three Kings, 500: Catherine de Medici Patron of the arts and follower of the occult. Catherine stayed by his bedside, but Diane kept away, "for fear", in the words of a chronicler, "of being expelled by the Queen". Catherine de This she envisaged in terms of the marriage of her daughter Marguerite to the young Protestant leader, Henry of Navarre (later Henry IV of France), and alliance with England through the marriage of her son Henry, duc dAnjou, or, failing him, his younger brother Franois, duc dAlenon, to Queen Elizabeth. [104] Philip II of Spain prepared for an invasion of England. The League took control of much of northern France to secure French ports for his armada. Catherine de Medici, also called Catherine de Mdicis, Italian Caterina de Medici, (born April 13, 1519, Florence [Italy]died January 5, 1589, Blois, France), queen consort of Henry II of France (reigned 154759) and subsequently regent of France (156074), who was one of the most influential personalities of the CatholicHuguenot wars. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. WebClarice di Piero de' Medici (14891528) [1] was the daughter of Piero di Lorenzo de' Medici and Alfonsina Orsini . When Henry II died in 1559 Catherine de Medici went on to rule France in the name of her sons for the next 3 decades, until her death in 1589. [18] When Francis I of France proposed his second son, Henry, Duke of Orlans, in early 1533, Clement jumped at the offer. [128], Catherine had emblems of her love and grief carved into the stonework of her buildings. Many historians have blamed Catherine for the attack on Coligny. However, she failed to fully grasp the theological issues that drove their movement. This afforded the Calvinists licensed coexistence with specific safeguards. On 34 April 1559, Henry signed the Peace of Cateau-Cambrsis with the Holy Roman Empire and England, ending a long period of Italian Wars. [140] Catherine and Henry's inability to produce an heir for the first ten years of their marriage gave rise to suspicion of witchcraft. Catherine De She later did her best to efface or outdo Diane's building work there. [30] Diane never regarded Catherine as a threat. She travelled widely across the kingdom, enforcing his authority and trying to head off war. Over the years, Catherine gave birth to ten children of which five were daughters. She went on to bear Henry a further eight children, seven of whom survived infancy, including the future Charles IX (born 27 June 1550); the future Henry III (born 19 September 1551); and Francis, Duke of Anjou (born 18 March 1555) and Claude (born 12 November 1547). Margaret of Valois, Frances Slandered Catherine travelled to Chtellerault where she bid farewell to her 13-year-old daughter. In, This page was last edited on 29 April 2023, at 08:48. [109] On 23 December 1588, he asked the Duke of Guise to call on him at the Chteau de Blois. But she was unable to avert its revocation (August 1568), which heralded the third civil war. He shouted at her, "Your words, Madam, have led us all to this butchery. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. In what has been called a coup d'tat, the Cardinal of Lorraine and the Duke of Guisewhose niece, Mary, Queen of Scots, had married Francis II the year beforeseized power the day after Henry II's death and quickly moved themselves into the Louvre Palace with the young couple. About 1538, at the age of 19, Henry had taken as his mistress the 38-year-old Diane de Poitiers,[27] whom he adored for the rest of his life. Victoire (24 June 1556 17 August 1556). Although Catherine spent ruinous sums on the arts,[133] most of her patronage left no permanent legacy. "[90] The death of her youngest son was a calamity for Catherine's dynastic dreams. [148] Nevertheless, Catherine was never formally accused or prosecuted despite the fact that her reign experienced the greatest number of prosecutions for witchcraft in Italy. By 1587, the Catholic backlash against the Protestants had become a campaign across Europe. Henry insisted on riding against Montgomery again, and this time, Montgomery's lance shattered in the king's face. Her efforts won Catherine new respect from the French people. Catherine de Medici was the daughter of Lorenzo di Piero de Medici, duca di Urbino, and Madeleine de La Tour dAuvergne, a Bourbon princess related to many of the French nobility. On 11 April 1572, the wedding contract was signed, and Henry headed for France to be reunited with his mother and his new bride. Rumours immediately spread that Catherine had ordered Joans death, but she had nothing to gain the wedding contract had already been signed. Claude and Charles would go on to have nine children, of which seven would survive to adulthood. Pettegree, 154; Hoogvliet, 105. King Henry took part in the jousting, sporting Diane's black-and-white colours. Catherine de Medici Biography. * * *. Orphaned within days, Catherine was highly educated, trained, and disciplined by nuns in Florence and Rome and married in 1533 by her uncle, Pope Clement VII, to Henry, duc dOrlans, who inherited the French crown from his father, Francis I, in April 1547. In desperation, Catherine tried every known trick for getting pregnant, such as placing cow dung and ground stags' antlers on her "source of life", and drinking mule's urine. Henry III's assassination ended nearly three centuries of Valois rule and brought the Bourbon dynasty into power. Catherine was unable to control Henry in the way she had Francis and Charles. On 19 January 1544, she at last gave birth to a son, named after King Francis. She is portrayed by Rebecca Liddiard. He noted that "each had shown valour in the joust".
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